Prabhakara Bhatta: The Revered Guru of Purva Mimamsa Philosophy Purva Mimamsa stands as one of the six orthodox schools (Shaddarshanas) of Hindu philosophy, devoted primarily to the systematic interpretation of Vedic rituals and the authority of the Vedas. Founded upon the Purvamimamsasutras composed by Maharshi Jaimini around 400 BCE, this philosophical system emphasizes dharma (righteous duty) as understood through Vedic injunctions. The Mimamsa tradition holds that the Vedas are eternal, authorless (apaurusheya), and self-valid sources of knowledge. As the Purvamimamsasutras states, "Codana laksano artho dharmah" (Dharma is that which is indicated by Vedic injunctions). The Lineage and Historical Context The philosophical foundation laid by Jaimini received its first comprehensive exposition through the Mimamsa Bhashya of Shabarasvamin, composed around 500 CE. This commentary became the cornerstone for all subsequent developments in Mimamsa thought. From Shabara's w...

The Goddess Kalika Temple of Patan in Gujarat has a history of more than 1,000 years and is an important shrine of Goddess Kali in India. The origins of the temple can be traced to the reign of the illustrious Solanki ruler of Patan, the mighty, invincible warrior and celebrated Gurjar King Siddharaj Jaisinh (A.D. 1094–1143). Anhilpur Patan then enjoyed the status, prestige, fame, and glorious prominence of being the original capital of Gujarat for a full 668 years, from Vikram Samvat 802 to 1470. Goddess Kalika Temple of Patan – History and Story According to the Dayashraya of the renowned Jain monk Hemachandracharya, who was also an adviser to King Siddharaj at that time, Siddharaj wished to travel to Ujjain to worship his beloved deity, Goddess Kalika, who was enshrined there. However, since Ujjain was under the control of the ruler of Malwa, Siddharaj marched towards Malwa with his army. He conquered the fort of Dharanagari and captured Yashovarma, the king of Malwa. After...

The Skull on the Staff: Understanding the Khatvanga in Hindu Iconography Among the many unusual implements carried by fierce forms of Shiva and certain wrathful goddesses, the khatvanga occupies a place of deep theological weight. Described in iconographic texts as a staff fashioned from the osseous shaft of a human forearm and surmounted by a human skull, it is far more than a macabre prop. It is a symbol of cosmic law, penance and the invincible power that comes from confronting one's gravest transgressions. Origin in the Puranas The khatvanga is inseparably tied to the legend of Bhairava severing the fifth head of Brahma. Various Puranas, including the Shiva Purana, Skanda Purana, Kurma Purana, Vamana Purana and Varaha Purana, narrate this episode with differing details of provocation, but all agree on the outcome: the head, being that of a Brahmin and the foremost of created beings, stuck fast to Bhairava's palm. This bound him to the sin of brahmahatya, the killing of ...

The Flower in Murugan's Hand: A Study in Divine Humility Murugan, also called Skanda, Subrahmanya, Kartikeya, Kumara and Shanmukha, is the second son of Shiva and Parvati. Popular in North India as Kartik, he is worshipped chiefly in Tamil Nadu and Kerala and by Tamil diaspora around the world as the commander of the celestial armies and the destroyer of the demon Surapadman. His most familiar image shows him with the vel, the divine spear gifted by Parvati, or seated on his vehicle, the peacock, ready for battle. Yet a small number of temples preserve a very different image of him, one where the weapon is set aside and he stands or sits with flowers in his hands, absorbed in worship of his father, Shiva. The Flower as a Symbol Rather than a Weapon The vel represents shakti, the active power that cuts through ignorance and evil. The flower, by contrast, represents bhakti, the soft surrender of the devotee before the divine. When temple tradition depicts Murugan holding flowers ...

In Hinduism, the notion of freedom or "moksha" (liberation) is deeply intertwined with recognizing our divine connection with the ultimate reality, known as Brahman. This teaching emphasizes that human beings are inherently divine, and the true self, or Atman, is not separate from Brahman. When we realize this unity, we experience true freedom. This understanding is not just a religious teaching but is highly relevant in modern life, offering profound spiritual and psychological insights into how we live, find meaning, and experience peace. Symbolism of Divine Connection in Hinduism Brahman and Atman : The Upanishads, which form the philosophical core of Hindu thought, teach that Brahman is the eternal, unchanging reality behind all existence, while Atman is the individual soul. The famous phrase, "Tat Tvam Asi" (Thou Art That), highlights the essential teaching that the individual self (Atman) is not different from Brahman. Symbolism : The separation we feel betwee...

Tithi in Panchang – Hindu Calendar on Wednesday, October 14 2026 – It is Shukla Paksha Chaturthi tithi or the fourth day during waxing or light phase of moon in Hindu calendar and Panchang in most regions. It is Shukla Paksha Chaturthi tithi or the fourth day during waxing or light phase of moon till 11 :51 PM on October 14. Then onward it is Shukla Paksha Panchami tithi or the fifth day during waxing or light phase of moon on the entire day on October 15 and till 1 :43 AM on October 16. (Time applicable in all north, south and eastern parts of India. All time based on India Standard Time.)  Good – Auspicious time on October 14, 2026 as per Hindu Calendar – Good and auspicious time till 12:15 PM.  Nakshatra  – Vishaka or Vishakam nakshatra till 1:47 AM on October 14. Then onward it is Anuradha or Anusham or Anizham nakshatra till 3:55 AM on October 15. (Time applicable in north, south and eastern parts of India).  In western parts of India (Maharashtra, G...

 The Sacred Art of the Wrestling Pit: The Techniques of Malla-Yuddha in Hindu Scriptures In the Hindu tradition, physical strength was never separated from spiritual and moral discipline. The body was regarded as a vehicle for dharma, and the cultivation of strength, endurance, and skill was considered a duty for those born into the warrior temperament. Wrestling, known as malla-yuddha, occupied a special place in this worldview. It was not mere sport but a disciplined art combining technique, willpower, and an unshakeable sense of duty. The two most celebrated wrestling encounters in Hindu itihasa are the duel between Krishna and Kamsa in the Bhagavata Purana, and the famous fight between Bhima and Jarasandha described in the Sabha Parva of the Mahabharata. These accounts are not simple tales of combat; they preserve a detailed technical vocabulary that reveals how sophisticated this art truly was. The Encounter Between Bhima and Jarasandha The Sabha Parva narrates that before...

The Curse of Greed: Lessons from Vibhavasu and Supratika The story of Vibhavasu and Supratika is told by Sage Kashyapa to his son Garuda in the 25th chapter of Astika Parva, which is part of Adi Parva of the Mahabharata. Vibhavasu was a Maharishi who got angry very easily. His younger brother Supratika was a great ascetic. Supratika did not want to keep the family wealth jointly with his brother, and he was always talking about dividing it. Vibhavasu was not happy with this demand. He told his brother that many people ask for division of common property because of delusion. After the wealth is divided, they become more deluded by love of money. Selfishness makes them ignorant, and enmity enters even if friendship looks the same from outside. Other people, when they see two relatives are separated over property, add fuel to the fire and increase the enmity on other matters also. In this way divided relatives meet their downfall. Vibhavasu said that is why learned people never approve of...

The Self as the First Frontier: Hindu Wisdom on Inner Mastery Before a warrior steps onto any battlefield, before a seeker claims victory over the world, Hindu scriptures insist on a prior conquest: the self. The senses, the restless mind, and the ego are described as the truest adversaries a person faces. Without mastering them, every outward achievement remains hollow, and a person becomes their own greatest obstacle. Scriptural Proof The Bhagavad Gita addresses this directly. Krishna tells Arjuna: "Let a man lift himself by his own self alone, let him not lower himself; for this self alone is the friend of oneself, and this self alone is the enemy of oneself." (Bhagavad Gita 6.5) He continues: "For him who has conquered the self by the self, the self is a friend; but for him who has not conquered the self, the very self will act in enmity, like an enemy." (Bhagavad Gita 6.6) These verses make clear that the self can either be one's closest ally or...

Honouring Ancestors the Vedic Way: Brahmanas, Pindas and Their Meaning - Shraddha and the Vedic Schools: Why the Ways of Offering Differ Shraddha is the ritual in which a Hindu remembers and thanks his ancestors, called pitrus. The word comes from shraddha, which means faith and sincerity. So the ritual is really an act of faith done with a clean heart. Traditional texts say that the way of completing a shraddha is not exactly same for every Vedic school. What Each Veda Emphasises For the followers of Rigveda, a shraddha is considered accomplished when they honour worthy brahmanas. Here, brahmana does not mean a person by birth or caste. It means a person who has knowledge of Brahman, a self realised soul. Feeding and respecting such a person is the main duty. For the followers of Yajurveda, pindadana is more important. This means offering cooked rice balls to the pitrus. Rice, sesame seeds, ghee and sometimes barley flour are used to make the pindas. The followers of Samaveda are ...