Brihaspati, the Athi Devata of Pushya Nakshatra: Meaning and Symbolism in Sculpture
In South Indian panchang and almanac tradition, every
nakshatra has its own presiding deity. These deities are called Nakshatra
Devatas or Athi Devatas. The word Athi means presiding or ruling, so the Athi
Devata is the divine power who rules over that particular star. People who
follow the panchang know that the devata of the day's nakshatra is considered
while choosing auspicious time for rituals, travel, marriage and other
important activities.
These devatas are not only a matter of calculation. They are
also shown in art. In many almanacs there are small paintings of the nakshatra
devatas. In some temples they are seen in carved panels, and sometimes in
smaller shrines around the outer prakara. In this way, the devotee who walks
around the temple can see the whole system of stars and their divine rulers in
visual form.
Pushya Nakshatra and Its Devata
Pushya is the eighth nakshatra. In Tamil it is called Poosam and in Malayalam it is called Pooyam. Its Athi Devata is Brihaspati, the guru of the devas. In Hindu belief, Brihaspati is the teacher of the devas and the source of wisdom, correct conduct and sacred knowledge. He is also connected with the planet Jupiter, which is called Guru in Hindu astronomy. It is therefore natural that Pushya, which is considered one of the most auspicious nakshatras, is ruled by the deity of wisdom and guidance.
Description of the Sculpture
Brihaspati is shown seated in sukhasana, the easy and
relaxed sitting posture. He has two hands. One hand is in Abhaya mudra and the
other is in Varada mudra. Unlike many other deities, there is no vahana or
mount for Brihaspati in the sculpture. This is a notable feature, and it
carries its own meaning.
Meaning of Each Aspect
Sukhasana: The seated posture shows calmness and
stability. A teacher who is peaceful and steady in mind can guide others
properly. This posture tells us that real knowledge comes with a settled mind,
not with hurry or restlessness.
Abhaya mudra: The raised hand with open palm means do
not fear. A guru removes the fear of ignorance from the mind of the student.
Hindu teachings say that fear arises from not knowing the truth, and knowledge
of dharma removes this fear.
Varada mudra: The hand pointing downward, usually
with palm open, shows the giving of boons. Brihaspati gives blessings, but the
greatest blessing in Hindu teaching is vidya, or right knowledge. Material
gifts are temporary, but wisdom stays with a person.
Two hands: Many deities are shown with four or more
hands to show many powers. Brihaspati has only two hands, which gives a simple
and approachable appearance. The teacher is meant to be reachable by the
student.
Absence of a mount: A vahana usually represents a
quality or force which the deity controls, such as the peacock for Murugan or
the bull for Shiva. Brihaspati has no mount, and one can understand this as
showing that wisdom does not depend on any outside support. The guru stands on
knowledge alone.
Importance of Sculpture and Painting in Hindu Tradition
Hindu sculpture and painting follow rules laid down in the
Shilpa Shastras and Agama texts. The form, posture, hand gestures and ornaments
are not left to the imagination of the artist. Each detail has a purpose.
Through these forms, abstract philosophical ideas are made visible to ordinary
people, even those who cannot read. A devotee looking at Brihaspati's image
learns about the role of the guru, the value of fearlessness and the true
nature of a blessing.
Benefits of Worshipping Brihaspati
Devotees believe that worship of Brihaspati and the Pushya Nakshatra devata brings peace, prosperity, fulfillment of desires and good health. It is also said to help remove obstacles in life and to give spiritual wealth. Thursday is considered a special day for Brihaspati, and Pushya Nakshatra falling on Thursday is regarded as very auspicious.
The sculpture of Brihaspati teaches through its form. A calm seat, a hand that removes fear, a hand that gives blessings and the absence of a mount together present the ideal of a true teacher. By understanding these symbols, a devotee gains not only a deity to worship but also a guide for living with wisdom and humility.