The pair of words frequently used in Hindu scriptures, 'dharma-adharma,' is one of the most recurring. 'Dharma' is etymologically defined as 'that which supports and sustains,' encompassing anything that seeks to disrupt, oppose, or undermine the process of support and sustenance. While 'dharma' represents the righteous path leading to well-being, prosperity, and spiritual perfection, 'adharma' symbolizes the crooked path leading away from these ideals. If dharma is the straight path then adharma is the crooked path. 'Dharma' pertains to actions and duties, whether ritualistic or otherwise, in accordance with the teachings of Hindu sacred texts, spiritual leaders, and in harmony with customs and traditions. 'Adharma,' on the other hand, encompasses all forms of wrongdoing and neglect.
In practice, 'adharma' is more commonly associated with
unrighteous behavior leading to sin. Examples of 'adharma' include lying,
stealing, cheating, adultery, and various prohibited acts and crimes.
Neglecting one's duties and failing to fulfill entrusted responsibilities also
falls under the category of 'adharma.'
In Hindu scriptures, personified 'adharma' is depicted with
violence as his wife, falsehood as his son, and deceit as his daughter.
Delusion, fear, torment, hell, sorrow, and death are considered his other
offspring, although specific lists may vary (Vishnu Purana 1.7). The underlying
message is clear: 'adharma' is the root cause of our fears, troubles, and
suffering.
In Jaina metaphysics, 'adharma' is regarded as a substance
responsible for the state of rest and immobility in objects.