The texts of ancient Hinduism, particularly the Agni Purana (chapters 249-252) and the Vishnudharmottara Purana (chapters 178-182), provide extensive details on Dhanurveda, the science of archery, including the making and usage of arrows. Given that bows require arrows to function, these texts delve deeply into the characteristics and types of arrows used in ancient times.
Materials and Construction
Arrows in the ancient Hindu world were primarily made from
two materials:
- Bamboo: Known for its flexibility and strength, bamboo was a common material for crafting arrows.
- Steel: Steel arrows were used for their durability and piercing power.
To enhance their aerodynamics and accuracy, feathers of
birds were typically affixed to the back end of the arrows. This practice is
similar to modern fletching. Additionally, the front end of the arrows was
sometimes coated with poisonous substances, making them more lethal upon
impact.
Types of Arrows
The ancient texts describe five primary kinds of arrows:
- Venu: Arrows made specifically from bamboo.
- Shara: Standard arrows, often mentioned in various texts.
- Dandashara: Possibly refers to arrows with a specific shaft design.
- Shalaka: A type of arrow with distinct characteristics, possibly related to its size or usage.
- Naraca: A type of arrow known for its strength and piercing ability.
Transformation into Astras
When used in conjunction with appropriate mantras, these
arrows could transform into powerful mystical weapons known as 'astras'. These
astras were believed to possess extraordinary powers and were often invoked in
epic battles described in Hindu mythology. Some of the most renowned astras
include:
- Brahmastra: An immensely powerful weapon created by Lord Brahma, capable of destroying entire armies or fortifications.
- Pashupatastra: Associated with Lord Shiva, this astra was considered one of the most destructive.
- Narayanastra: Linked to Lord Vishnu, it would unleash a barrage of arrows and other missiles.
- Agneyastra: A fire weapon that could incinerate targets, often associated with the fire god Agni.
- Sarpastra: A serpent missile, believed to release venomous snakes upon impact.
These astras highlight the advanced understanding and
significance of archery in ancient Hindu warfare and mythology. They underscore
not only the physical craftsmanship of arrows but also the spiritual and
mystical dimensions associated with their use.