Compassion, known as "Karuna" in Sanskrit, is a fundamental principle deeply embedded in Hindu philosophy. It transcends mere sympathy or empathy, extending into a profound sense of responsibility and love for all living beings. The importance of compassion is evident across a wide range of Hindu scriptures, stories, and teachings, each emphasizing its significance in both spiritual and everyday life.
Compassion in Hindu Scriptures
The Bhagavad Gita: In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna advocates for compassion as an essential virtue for achieving a higher state of consciousness. He advises Arjuna to rise above his emotions and act with a compassionate heart. For instance, in Chapter 12, Verse 13, Krishna describes a true devotee as one who is "friendly and compassionate to all living beings," showcasing that compassion is not just a quality but a pathway to divine connection.
"Adveshṭā sarva-bhūtānāṁ maitraḥ karuṇa eva ca, nirmamo nirahaṅkāraḥ sama-duḥkha-sukhaḥ kṣamī"
“He who has no ill will to any being, who is friendly and compassionate, free from ego and self-possession, the same in pain and pleasure, and forgiving.” (Bhagavad Gita 12.13)The Upanishads: The Upanishads, particularly the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, stress the interconnectedness of all life forms. This teaching inspires a sense of universal compassion. The famous concept of “Tat Tvam Asi” (Thou art That) from the Chandogya Upanishad emphasizes the oneness of all beings, thereby nurturing compassion as we recognize ourselves in others.
Manusmriti: The Manusmriti, an ancient legal text, advocates for compassion towards all creatures. It emphasizes non-violence (Ahimsa) and compassion (Karuna) as essential duties of every individual. It is said that a person who is compassionate to others will receive compassion from the divine.
"Ahimsa paramo dharmah"
“Non-violence is the highest duty.”This statement reflects the importance of compassion, as non-violence is an expression of deep, abiding compassion towards all living beings.
The Ramayana and Mahabharata: The epic narratives of the Ramayana and Mahabharata are replete with instances of compassion. In the Ramayana, Lord Rama exemplifies compassion even towards his enemies. When Ravana lies dying, Rama instructs his brother Lakshmana to seek wisdom from Ravana, showing respect and compassion even to a vanquished foe.
Similarly, in the Mahabharata, we see Bhishma on his deathbed teaching the importance of compassion to Yudhishthira. Bhishma emphasizes that a king must be compassionate and should always act for the welfare of his subjects.
Stories Illustrating Compassion
The Story of Sage Valmiki: Sage Valmiki, the author of the Ramayana, was initially a hunter who lived a life devoid of compassion. However, his transformation began when he encountered the sorrow of a bird whose mate was killed by his arrow. This incident awakened compassion in him, leading him to a spiritual path and ultimately to becoming a great sage and poet. This story underscores how compassion can transform even the hardest of hearts.
The Story of Shabari: In the Ramayana, Shabari, a humble devotee of Rama, waits years for his arrival. When he finally visits her, she offers him berries, ensuring that only the sweetest ones reach his lips. Her deep compassion and devotion are evident as she personally tastes each berry, an act that reflects pure, selfless love. Rama’s acceptance of this offering, despite it being against social norms, highlights that compassion and love are paramount in spiritual practice.
The Legend of King Harishchandra: King Harishchandra, known for his unwavering commitment to truth and righteousness, demonstrated profound compassion even in the face of extreme hardship. When his family was reduced to poverty, he still maintained his principles, refusing to let go of compassion for his subjects and his own family, despite the challenges. His story is a testament to the idea that true compassion involves sacrifice and adherence to dharma (moral duty).
Modern Relevance of Compassion
In the modern world, where divisions based on race, religion, and nationality are prevalent, the ancient Hindu teachings on compassion are more relevant than ever. Compassion, as taught in Hinduism, is not just a passive emotion but an active force that drives ethical behavior, social justice, and environmental stewardship.
Social Justice: The principle of compassion encourages us to look beyond our differences and to care for the welfare of others. This can be seen in the works of Mahatma Gandhi, who was deeply influenced by the Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads. His principle of non-violence (Ahimsa) was rooted in compassion, and it played a crucial role in India’s struggle for independence. Gandhi’s approach was not just about political freedom but about ensuring justice and equality for all, reflecting the essence of Hindu teachings on compassion.
"The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others."
— Mahatma GandhiEnvironmental Stewardship: The Hindu concept of "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" (the world is one family) extends the idea of compassion to all living beings and the environment. In today’s context, where climate change and environmental degradation pose significant threats, the Hindu ethos of compassion towards nature becomes a guiding principle for sustainable living. The protection of animals and nature is seen as a sacred duty, as reflected in ancient texts that urge humans to live in harmony with the environment.
Mental Health and Well-being: Compassion is also crucial for personal well-being. Modern psychology recognizes the benefits of compassion for mental health. Practices like Karuna Meditation in Buddhism, which is closely related to Hinduism, encourage the cultivation of compassion towards oneself and others, leading to greater emotional resilience, reduced stress, and enhanced overall well-being. The Hindu practice of Seva (selfless service) is another expression of compassion that contributes to both the giver’s and the receiver’s well-being.
"When we practice loving kindness and compassion, we are the first ones to profit."
— RumiGlobal Harmony: In an increasingly interconnected world, compassion serves as a bridge across cultural and religious divides. The Hindu teaching that all life is sacred and interconnected promotes global harmony and peace. Leaders like Swami Vivekananda emphasized the universal nature of Hindu teachings, advocating for a world where compassion is the foundation of human interaction.
"I am proud to belong to a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal acceptance."
— Swami Vivekananda
The ancient Hindu teaching of compassion is timeless, offering wisdom that is highly applicable in our modern context. Whether in personal growth, social justice, environmental stewardship, or global harmony, the principle of compassion remains a guiding force. By embracing and practicing compassion, we align ourselves with a higher moral and spiritual order, creating a world that is more just, peaceful, and harmonious.