Aniruddhadeva (1553–1626) was a significant figure in the religious landscape of 16th-century Assam, recognized as a prominent Ekasarana preceptor and a disciple of the revered Sankaradeva. His contributions to the Neo-Vaishnavism movement and the establishment of the Mayamara Satra were pivotal in shaping the religious and social dynamics of the region.
Early Life and Education
Aniruddha Deva was born in 1553 in present-day Assam into a Bhuyan family, a class of feudal lords, to parents Gondagiri and Anjali Devi, the latter being a cousin of Sankaradeva. This familial connection to Sankaradeva likely influenced his early spiritual inclinations. Under the tutelage of Gopaldeva, Aniruddhadeva pursued his religious education in Barpeta, dedicating three and a half years to deepening his understanding of Vaishnavism.
Founding of the Satra
Upon completing his studies, Aniruddhadeva returned to his homeland and established a Satra at Bishnu-Bali Kuchi in January/February 1601. This Satra became a center for propagating the Vaishnava faith, attracting followers and promoting religious teachings in the region.
Relocation and Expansion of Influence
Frequent raids by neighboring tribes from the Daphla Hills compelled Aniruddhadeva to relocate his Satra to Naha Ati on the banks of the Marnai River, in what is now Lakhimpur district. Here, he successfully converted a significant number of disciples to Neo-Vaishnavism, furthering his influence. His mission eventually led him to Majuli, where he founded the Mayamara Satra by a lake called Moamara. This Satra was notable for its democratic outlook and humanistic values, which resonated deeply with the local tribes and marginalized communities. Prominent tribes such as the Morans, Kacharis, Chutias, Borahis, Ahoms, and professional castes like the Brittial Banias embraced his teachings.
Ideological Conflicts and Challenges
Aniruddhadeva's radical and egalitarian ideology often put him at odds with the more conservative factions within the Bhakti movement and the Ahom kingdom, which prioritized the Brahmasamhati sect. His focus on social equality and the upliftment of the lower strata of society created tensions with the established order. Despite these challenges, the inclusive and democratic nature of the Mayamara Satra continued to attract a large following.
The growing influence of Aniruddhadeva and his Satra eventually drew the attention of the Ahom king Sukhampha, who perceived it as a potential threat to his authority. Aniruddhadeva, however, managed to negotiate with the king, assuring that his religious activities would not undermine the kingdom’s stability. This understanding allowed him to continue his mission without state interference.
Scholarly Contributions and Legacy
In addition to his religious and missionary work, Aniruddhadeva was also a scholar. He translated Book V of the Bhagavata Purana into Assamese verse, making the sacred texts more accessible to the local populace. His literary contributions include the Bhakti Mangal Ghosa and the Puranjana Akhyana, the latter based on a story from the Bhagavata Purana. These works enriched Assamese literature and spiritual thought, leaving a lasting legacy.
Aniruddhadeva passed away at the age of 73 in the first week of December 1626. His life and work had a profound impact on the religious and social fabric of Assam, fostering a spirit of egalitarianism and devotion that continued to inspire future generations. The Mayamara Satra, with its progressive values and inclusive approach, remains a testament to his enduring influence.