PÄtÄla, often referred to as the "netherworld" or "underworld," holds a significant place in Hindu cosmology. It is one of the seven lower realms or regions collectively known as the "Lokas." These realms are part of a complex cosmological structure that encompasses various planes of existence, each with its own inhabitants, characteristics, and spiritual significance.
The Seven Lokas
PÄtÄla is the lowest of the seven lokas below the earthly realm (Bhu-loka). These seven lokas are:
- Atala
- Vitala
- Sutala
- TalÄtala
- MahÄtala
- RasÄtala
- PÄtÄla
Each of these regions has its unique features, and they are inhabited by different beings, often described as demons (Asuras), serpents (NÄgas), and other mystical creatures. Among these, PÄtÄla is considered the most profound and is home to some of the most powerful beings in Hindu mythology.
Inhabitants of PÄtÄla
The primary inhabitants of PÄtÄla are the NÄgas, a race of serpent-like beings with great power and wealth. The NÄgas are often depicted as semi-divine, with a dual nature that can be either benevolent or malevolent. The NÄga king, Vasuki, is one of the most prominent figures residing in PÄtÄla.
In addition to NÄgas, PÄtÄla is also populated by various Asuras (demons) who, according to some texts, have been exiled from the heavenly realms (Svarga) due to their battles with the Devas (gods). These beings are often depicted as possessing immense wealth, knowledge of mystic arts, and advanced technologies.
Description of PÄtÄla
PÄtÄla is described in various Hindu texts, including the Puranas, as a realm of great beauty and wealth. Unlike the dark and gloomy depiction of the underworld in many other cultures, PÄtÄla is often portrayed as a place of splendor, filled with magnificent palaces, gardens, and precious gems. The NÄgas are said to have their palatial homes here, adorned with precious stones and guarded by fierce warriors.
Despite its beauty, PÄtÄla is also associated with the lower energies of existence. It is considered a place of spiritual ignorance and material indulgence, where beings are more focused on sensual pleasures and wealth than on spiritual growth. However, it is also a place of great mystic knowledge, where powerful mantras and rituals are known to be practiced.
PÄtÄla in Mythology
PÄtÄla plays a crucial role in various Hindu myths and epics. One notable reference is in the story of the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan), where the NÄga king Vasuki serves as the rope for the churning rod, Mount Mandara. Additionally, in the epic Mahabharata, the hero Arjuna visits PÄtÄla during his travels, where he meets Ulupi, a NÄga princess who later becomes his wife.
In the Ramayana, PÄtÄla is mentioned in the context of Hanuman's travels. When Hanuman was on his way to Lanka to search for Sita, he encountered the serpent king Vasuki in PÄtÄla and was temporarily detained there, showcasing the immense power and influence of this realm.
Spiritual and Symbolic Importance
PÄtÄla symbolizes the deeper, more unconscious aspects of existence. It represents the lower instincts, desires, and attachments that bind the soul to the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara). In this sense, PÄtÄla is not merely a physical place but also a metaphorical one, representing the challenges that individuals must overcome on their spiritual journey.
The concept of PÄtÄla also reflects the Hindu understanding of the universe's complexity, where every aspect of existence, from the highest spiritual planes to the lowest material realms, is interconnected and plays a role in the cosmic order (Dharma).
Lesser-Known Facts
Varaha's Descent: In the Varaha Avatar, one of Vishnu's incarnations, the earth was dragged down to the netherworld by the demon Hiranyaksha. Vishnu, in his boar form, descended to PÄtÄla to rescue the earth and bring it back to its rightful place in the cosmos.
The Åiva Linga of PÄtÄla: According to some traditions, there is a Åiva Linga in PÄtÄla that is worshipped by the NÄgas. This linga is believed to have immense power and is guarded by the most powerful of the NÄga warriors.
Connection with Ayurveda: PÄtÄla is also mentioned in ancient Ayurvedic texts, where some of the most potent herbs and minerals used in medicine are said to originate from the depths of PÄtÄla.
Modern Interpretations
In contemporary Hindu thought, PÄtÄla is sometimes interpreted symbolically as a state of mind or consciousness that is far removed from the divine. It represents the obstacles and temptations that can distract one from the path of righteousness and spiritual growth. However, it is also a reminder of the universe's vastness and the intricate balance between different planes of existence.
PÄtÄla is a multifaceted concept in Hinduism, rich in symbolism and mythology. It is a realm that embodies both material wealth and spiritual ignorance, serving as a reminder of the lower tendencies that must be overcome to achieve spiritual liberation. Understanding PÄtÄla offers a deeper insight into Hindu cosmology, where every realm and being plays a crucial role in the grand design of the universe.