In Hinduism, both Agama and Nigama refer to important
categories of religious texts and teachings, albeit with some nuanced
differences.
Agama: Agamas are sacred texts that primarily focus on the
practical aspects of worship, rituals, temple construction, and spiritual
practices. These texts are believed to have originated from the direct
teachings of Lord Shiva to his consort, Goddess Parvati (Girija), and are often
considered authoritative within specific sects or traditions. Agamas provide
detailed instructions on various aspects of deity worship, meditation
techniques, mantra recitation, and the construction of sacred spaces like
temples. In some contexts, Tantra is also referred to as Agama, emphasizing its
practical and experiential approach to spirituality.
Nigama: Nigamas, on the other hand, are texts that contain
explanations of the scriptures (Shastras) provided by Goddess Parvati to Lord
Shiva. These texts elucidate the philosophical and theological underpinnings of
Hinduism, explaining the principles, doctrines, and metaphysical concepts found
in the Vedas and other ancient scriptures. Nigamas are considered complementary
to Agamas, providing the theoretical foundation for the practical rituals and
spiritual practices prescribed in Agamic texts.
While Agama and Nigama are distinct categories of texts with
different emphases, in some contexts, the terms may be used interchangeably or
synonymously, especially when referring to the broader corpus of Hindu
religious literature. Additionally, Tantra, which is often associated with
Agama due to its emphasis on practical rituals and spiritual practices, can
also be referred to as Nigama, highlighting its theoretical aspects and
philosophical teachings.
Furthermore, the term "Amnaya" is sometimes used
interchangeably with Tantra or Agama. It signifies a sacred tradition or
lineage passed down through oral teachings and practices. In the context of
Vedas, "Amnaya" typically refers to the four traditional Vedas
(Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda) and the associated teachings
transmitted within specific lineages. However, in the context of Tantra,
"Amnaya" may denote the authoritative teachings and practices within
a particular tantric tradition or lineage, emphasizing its significance as a
spiritual authority in the Kali Yuga, the current age according to Hindu
cosmology.