The Fluid Nature of Dharma: Why Hindu Philosophy Rejects Absolute Moral Certainty Introduction: Beyond Black and White Morality Hindu philosophy presents one of the most sophisticated understandings of ethics and righteousness found in any religious tradition. Unlike many belief systems that propose absolute moral laws, Hinduism embraces a nuanced concept called dharma, which recognizes that what is right depends heavily on context, time, and circumstances. This profound wisdom acknowledges the complexity of human existence and the impossibility of creating universal moral formulas that apply to every situation. The Sanskrit term dharma itself defies simple translation. While often rendered as "righteousness" or "duty," dharma encompasses a much broader concept that includes natural law, individual purpose, social responsibility, and cosmic order. Perhaps most importantly, dharma is understood to be contextual rather than absolute, changing based on one's sta...

Bhojavritti, also known as Rajamartandavritti, is a commentary on Yogasutra of Patanjali. Bhoja, the well-known versatile king of Malava (1018 – 60 CE), is the writer of this commentary. His other works are on rhetoric, Ayurveda, architecture, sculpture, science of war, and technology. Vritti is defined as a commenatary on the internal meaning of the sutra (aphorism). Bhoja has faithfully followed this dictum in his vritti. He declares in the introduction that he has explicitly explained the meaning of the sutras and avoided unnecessary expansion and therefore the vrittis meticulously explain each term of the sutra. Bhoja has heavily relied upon Vyasabhashya, the most authentic commentary on Yogasutra, and has also consulted Tattvavaisaradi of Vachaspati Mishra, a commentary on Vyasabhashya. However, he differs at times from these two predecessors. For example, while explaining the term Ananta of the sutra 2.47, both Vyasa and Vachaspati state that concentration on Seshanaga or Ana...

The Mahanubhav Sampradaya (meaning "The Great Experience" sect) originated in 13th-century Maharashtra, during the Bhakti movement period in Hinduism. It was formally established by Shri Chakradhar Swami, a spiritual reformer and saint, around circa 1260–1280 CE. The lineage traces back to five great gurus: Shri Krishna, Dattatreya, Chakrapani Maharaj, Govind Prabhu, and Chakradhar Swami. The Five Great Gurus (Pancha Krishna) in the Mahanubhav Sampradaya: Sri Krishna – Considered the Parabrahma (Supreme God) and the original source of all spiritual knowledge. Devotion to Krishna is central to the Mahanubhav sect. Lord Dattatreya – Seen as a manifestation of the divine trinity (Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh), he is venerated as an essential link in the spiritual lineage. Shri Chakrapani Maharaj – A pivotal saint whose spiritual wisdom and ascetic life deeply influenced the emergence of the Mahanubhav tradition. He was a forerunner who prepared the ground for future propaga...

The Advaita Siddhi, authored by Madhusudana Saraswati in the 16th century CE, stands as a significant response within the Advaita Vedanta tradition to the challenges posed by Vyasa Tirtha's Nyayamrita, a polemical work that aimed to critique and question the foundations of Advaita metaphysics. At the heart of the dispute between the two works lies the definition of what is considered true (satya) and what is deemed false (mithya). Madhusudana Saraswati, in Advaitasiddhi, responds to Nyayamrita's criticisms against the five definitions of falsity proposed by earlier Advaita scholars. According to Advaita Siddhi, an object is considered true as long as it is not contradicted or negated by subsequent experience. The text delves into various conflicting theories surrounding the unity or plurality of selves, the unity or plurality of avidya (nescience), and the locus of avidya, be it Brahman or the jiva (individual self). Madhusudana Saraswati suggests that different theories wi...

The Wisdom of Restraint: How Rama Defines True Heroism Beyond Violence In an age where heroism is often equated with spectacular displays of force, where screen heroes and real-world figures alike measure their worth by their capacity to dominate and destroy, the ancient narrative of Rama offers a profoundly different vision. Rama, the central figure of the Ramayana, possessed power far exceeding that of most beings in his world, yet his greatness lay not in his ability to unleash that power, but in his wisdom to restrain it. His story reveals that true heroism manifests not in violence, but in discipline, righteousness, and the conscious choice of peace even when one possesses overwhelming strength. The Power of Self-Control Rama's life is marked by countless instances where he could have used his extraordinary abilities to take shortcuts, to assert dominance, or to punish those who wronged him. Yet, time and again, he chose the path of dharma—righteous conduct—even when it dem...

Goddess Kushmanda: Unveiling the Symbolism and Meaning of Her Name Kushmanda is the fourth manifestation of Goddess Durga, revered in Hindu philosophy as the supreme creator of the entire cosmos. The name Kushmanda carries profound spiritual significance, embodying the creative power and divine energy that brings forth existence itself. Among the nine forms of Durga celebrated during Navratri, Kushmanda holds a special place as the primordial force responsible for the creation and maintenance of the universe. Her worship represents the acknowledgment of the feminine divine principle as the fundamental source of all creation. The Etymology and Divine Significance of Kushmanda The name Kushmanda is derived from Sanskrit, consisting of three components that together reveal the essence of this divine form. "Ku" refers to something small or subtle, "Ushma" denotes energy, heat, or spiritual radiance, and "Anda" means egg or cosmic sphere. Together, these term...

Hinduism, one of the world's most profound spiritual traditions, offers deep insights into human emotions and their influence on moral and spiritual growth. In its rich tapestry of scriptures and teachings, Hindu philosophy underscores that attachment, fear, and anger act as significant barriers to self-realization and the ultimate goal of liberation (moksha). This article explores these emotions, drawing wisdom from sacred texts like the Bhagavad Gita , Ashtavakra Gita , Yoga Vasishta , and teachings from revered Hindu gurus, while also delving into their relevance in modern times. The Role of Attachment in Hindering Growth Attachment ( moha ) is often described in Hinduism as the root of delusion. The Bhagavad Gita (Chapter 2, Verse 62-63) succinctly explains the destructive cycle stemming from attachment: "Dhyayato vishayan pumsah sangas teshupajayate; Sangat sanjayate kamah kamat krodho'bhijayate." (When a person dwells on objects of the senses, attachment ...

Tithi in Panchang – Hindu Calendar on Friday, January 16 2026 – It is Krishna Paksha Trayodashi tithi or the thirteenth day during the waning or dark phase of moon in Hindu calendar and Panchang in most regions. It is Krishna Paksha Trayodashi tithi or the thirteenth day during the waning or dark phase of moon till 10 :10 PM on January 16. Then onward it is Krishna Paksha Chaturdashi tithi or the fourteenth day during the waning or dark phase of moon till 11 :52 PM on January 17. (Time applicable in all north, south and eastern parts of India. All time based on India Standard Time.)  Good – Auspicious time on January 16, 2026 as per Hindu Calendar – There is no good and auspicious time on the entire day.  Nakshatra  – Jyeshta or Kettai or Triketta till 6:01 AM on January 16. Then onward it is Mool or Moolam till 8:23 AM on January 17. (Time applicable in north, south and eastern parts of India).  In western parts of India (Maharashtra, Gujarat, Goa, north...

Sacred Manifestations of Tara: Understanding the Symbolic Significance of the Deity at Tarapith The Tarapith Temple in Bengal, one of the most venerated sacred sites in eastern India, enshrines within its sanctum one of the most powerful feminine divine principles in Hindu spirituality: Goddess Tara. The sanctum holds a profound mystery—two distinct images of the deity that represent different manifestations of this powerful goddess. While devotees typically encounter the elaborate outer form during their worship, the original primordial image remains hidden beneath, representing the spiritual continuity between ancient Hindu understanding and contemporary devotional practice. The imagery of Tara embodies layers of meaning that connect philosophical wisdom with experiential spirituality, making Tarapith a crucial center for understanding the tantric and devotional aspects of Hindu theology. The Two Forms: Outer Manifestation and Inner Essence Within the sanctum of Tarapith Temple, t...

 The Eternal Mystery: Understanding the Unknowability of Another Soul in Hindu Philosophy The fundamental truth that we can never truly know another person stands as one of the most profound teachings in Hindu philosophy. This principle, rooted deeply in the sacred texts and spiritual traditions of Hinduism, speaks to the essential nature of consciousness, individuality, and the layers of existence that separate one soul from another. It is not a pessimistic view but rather an invitation to humility, compassion, and deeper self-awareness. The Illusion of Complete Knowledge In the Upanishads, the oldest philosophical texts of Hinduism, there exists a recognition that consciousness operates on multiple planes beyond our ordinary perception. The Chandogya Upanishad states, "That from which all beings are born, by which they live, and into which they finally return - that is Brahman." This indicates that while all beings emerge from the same cosmic source, each individual cons...