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Criticism Of Pancaratra School Of Vaishnavism

The two branches of agama literature of Sri Vaishnavas are Pancaratra and Vaikhanasa. The differences between these two schools are restricted to some details of ritualistic worship in temples. Vaikhanasa texts, which are founded on sutras written by a Vedic sage named Vikhanas and which were later expounded by his students, became very popular and acceptable to the people. However, Pancaratra, which was believed to contain the direct sayings of Vasudeva, the Supreme Godhead, came to be criticized on account of some rituals which it contained, which were considered to be non-Vedic, such as prescribing a special initiation ceremony for a man, who had already been initiated by Upanayana, in order to be able to perform ritualistic worship in Vishnu temples.

The Pancaratra School had innumerable critics including Mimamsaka Prabhakara. Bhatta Mimamsakas, however, deny the very existence of a Supreme God and believe only in the sole authority of Vedas. Kumarila Bhatta, the famous Mimamsaka Prabhakara, seriously doubted the Vedic character of Pancaratra texts. He included Pancaratra as a non-Vedic school in his work, Tantra Vartika. Shankaracharya’s commentary on Pancaratra-adhikarana highlighted the opposition between some of the philosophical tenets of Pancaratra and those of Vedanta. Naiyayikas were also opposed to these Pancaratra texts. Yamunacharya believed Pancaratra texts to be Vedic in character and thus wrote Agama Pramanyam, in order to prove the Vedic character of Pancaratra texts.