In ancient Hindu society, the term "Apankteya" referred to individuals who were excluded from participating in communal dining, specifically from sitting in a row (pankti) of people partaking in food together. The underlying belief was that the presence of such individuals could defile the entire row, rendering the communal meal impure. Consequently, they were deemed 'apankteya' or unworthy of being seated with others in such settings. Another term used to describe them was 'panktidushaka,' literally meaning those who defile the row.
Categories of Apankteyas
The classification of apankteyas was extensive and varied across different texts of the dharmashastras (ancient Hindu legal and ethical scriptures). These lists often included:
- Perpetrators of Heinous Crimes: Individuals who committed serious offenses such as murder, theft, and other forms of violence.
- Sufferers of Incurable or Infectious Diseases: Those afflicted with diseases considered incurable or highly contagious, such as leprosy.
- Addicts and Debauchees: Persons addicted to alcohol, drugs, or involved in immoral sexual activities.
- Ethically and Socially Deviant Individuals: People who failed to adhere to basic principles of ethics, etiquette, and social norms.
Manusmriti's List of Apankteyas
Among the various dharmashastras, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu) provides the most extensive list of apankteyas. In verses 3.150-166, it enumerates 93 types of individuals who fall under this category. This comprehensive list reflects the societal concerns of the time regarding purity, health, and moral conduct.
Social and Religious Implications
The exclusion of apankteyas from communal dining had significant social and religious implications:
- Social Stigma: Being labeled as apankteya brought about social ostracization and marginalization. These individuals were often cut off from mainstream social activities and networks.
- Religious Purity: The concept of ritual purity was central to Hindu religious practices. The exclusion of apankteyas was aimed at maintaining the sanctity of religious and communal gatherings.
- Health Precautions: By excluding those with contagious diseases, the practice also had a practical aspect of preventing the spread of infections.
Ethical and Humanitarian Perspectives
From a modern perspective, the treatment of apankteyas can be viewed critically. The categorization often led to unjust discrimination against certain individuals based on health, behavior, or moral judgment. However, understanding this practice within its historical and cultural context provides insight into the complexities of ancient Hindu social norms and values.
Evolution and Change
Over time, with changes in societal values and increased emphasis on inclusivity and human rights, the rigid practices concerning apankteyas have diminished. Contemporary Hindu society largely moves away from such exclusions, promoting equality and dignity for all individuals irrespective of their past actions or health conditions.
The concept of apankteyas in ancient Hinduism highlights the intricate interplay between social order, religious purity, and moral conduct. While it served specific purposes in historical contexts, it also underscores the evolving nature of social and ethical norms in response to changing human values and understanding