In Nyaya philosophy, the process of reaching a conclusion, known as "nigamana," plays a crucial role in the theory of knowledge, particularly in the context of inference (anumana). Let's break down how nigamana or conclusion is reached in Nyaya philosophy using the five-membered syllogism:
Pratijna (First Proposition): This is the initial assertion
or proposition that sets the stage for the argument. In the example provided,
it's stated that "Namdev is a mortal." This is the statement being
argued for or proved.
Hetu (Reason): Hetu refers to the reason or evidence
provided to support the first proposition. In the example, it's stated that
"Because he is a human being." This reason or premise supports the
initial assertion by establishing a logical connection between being human and
being mortal.
Udaharana (Example): Udaharana involves providing examples
or instances that illustrate the validity of the reason given in the second
step. In the example provided, it's stated that "All human beings are
mortal. For example, Ashoka, Tiruvalluvar, Kalidasa, Tukaram, and so on."
These examples serve to demonstrate that the characteristic of mortality
applies universally to all humans.
Upanaya (Application of the Universal): Upanaya involves
applying the universal principle established through examples to the particular
case being argued for. In this step, it's stated that "Namdev is also a
human being." This step bridges the gap between the general principle
(established through examples) and the specific case under consideration
(Namdev).
Nigamana (Final Conclusion): Nigamana is the culmination of
the argument, where the initial assertion is reaffirmed or concluded based on
the preceding steps of reasoning. In the example provided, the final conclusion
is drawn: "Therefore, he is mortal." This conclusion is reached by
logically connecting Namdev's humanity to the universal principle of human
mortality established earlier.
In summary, nigamana or conclusion in Nyaya philosophy is
reached through a systematic process of assertion, providing reasons, offering
examples, applying universal principles, and finally drawing a logical
conclusion based on the preceding steps of argumentation.