The desire for a worthy son or sons is indeed a universal phenomenon deeply embedded in the fabric of various societies, both ancient and modern. This sentiment has manifested in diverse ways across cultures, reflecting the importance placed on lineage, family continuity, and the assurance of support in one's later years. Among the Hindus, this desire is intricately woven into their beliefs, as evidenced by the concept of a son being a savior from a specific kind of hell known as 'pum,' leading to the apt designation 'putra.'
In the context of Hindu culture, the term 'aurasa-putra'
refers to a son born from a sacramentally and legally sanctioned marriage, in
accordance with the guidelines set forth in the dharmashastras. The
dharmashastras, ancient Hindu legal and ethical texts, delineate twelve types
of sons, with only the 'aurasa' and the 'dattaka' (adopted son) being
recognized as legitimate heirs under the legal framework.
Parental duties extended beyond mere procreation,
encompassing the responsibility to nurture, educate, and instill cultural
values in their offspring. Simultaneously, it was considered the duty of the
sons, particularly the eldest, to reciprocate by caring for their parents
during their lifetime and performing proper obsequial rites after their demise.
The matter of inheritance added another layer of complexity
to familial dynamics. Some dharmashastras advocated for a preferential
treatment of the eldest son, assigning a larger portion of the parental
property to him (Manusmriti 9.112; Yajnavalkyasmṛti 2.114). However, this
perspective was not unanimous, as many other texts argued for an equal
distribution of inheritance among all the sons. This divergence in opinions
reflects the evolving nature of societal norms and the adaptability of cultural
practices over time.
In essence, the intricate interplay between parental
expectations, filial responsibilities, and the nuances of inheritance as
outlined in the dharmashastras sheds light on the multifaceted nature of family
dynamics in ancient Hindu society. These principles served as a moral and legal
guide, shaping the social fabric and influencing the behaviors and
relationships within families for generations.