In Vairagya Shatak (hundred verses of the pain of separation), Bhartrhari advocates a life of renunciation with full understanding and conviction of the hollowness of worldly life. From the intense manner in which he pictures the experiences of old age and poverty and related problems, it would seem that he speaks from personal experience.
Bhartrhari offers a solution as it were, to fight the ills of
old age. He counsels – when the body is still firm and not prone to disease,
when senility has yet to set in, the sense still function strong, and youth is
till fresh, the wise, intent on one’s own good, make the necessary effort to
redeem oneself. How foolhardy it would be to commence digging a well when the
house is ablaze? (verse 75).
He also indicates what that effort should be – the lofty
residence, good sons, extensive wealth, captivating wife, youthful ego –
thinking these to be permanent, the ignorant continue to live in the prison of worldly
life. The wise, however, renounce all these, knowing too well that they are evanescent.
(verse 20).
Posing himself as a renunciate, Bhartrhari visualizes – oh God, when shall I be able to abjure worldly actions and be alone, without hankerings, calm, using my cupped palms as my begging bowl and the space as my garment? (verse 85).
Explanation:
Bhartrhari's "Vairagya Shatak" (Hundred Verses of Renunciation) is a profound philosophical work that delves into the futility of worldly pursuits and advocates for a life of renunciation. This work is especially significant because it reflects the personal experiences and realizations of Bhartrhari, who vividly describes the hardships of old age and poverty, suggesting an intimate familiarity with these conditions. His insights resonate with timeless wisdom that remains relevant in the modern era.
Bhartrhari's Insights on Renunciation
The Timeliness of Renunciation (Verse 75)
Bhartrhari advises that one should seek spiritual redemption while still physically and mentally capable. He draws an analogy to the folly of digging a well during a fire, illustrating the urgency of beginning spiritual pursuits early in life. This advice underscores the importance of proactive self-improvement and spiritual development before the inevitable decline of old age.
Modern Relevance: In today's fast-paced world, people often postpone their spiritual or personal development until later in life, focusing on material success and temporary pleasures. Bhartrhari's counsel serves as a reminder to balance worldly responsibilities with inner growth, encouraging individuals to cultivate a sense of purpose and fulfillment that transcends material achievements.
The Illusion of Worldly Attachments (Verse 20)
Bhartrhari points out that the ignorant cling to worldly attachments, believing them to be permanent. He enumerates possessions and relationships—such as homes, children, wealth, and spouses—as transient, highlighting the wise person's understanding of their impermanence and the consequent renunciation of these ties.
Modern Relevance: In contemporary society, where consumerism and materialism are rampant, Bhartrhari's message is particularly poignant. The relentless pursuit of wealth and status often leads to stress, anxiety, and dissatisfaction. Embracing his philosophy can help individuals achieve a more balanced life, focusing on meaningful relationships and inner contentment rather than ephemeral external successes.
The Aspiration for a Simple Life (Verse 85)
Bhartrhari expresses a desire to renounce worldly activities, seeking solitude and simplicity. He envisions himself using his hands as a begging bowl and space as his garment, symbolizing minimalism and detachment from material possessions.
Modern Relevance: The minimalist movement and the growing interest in sustainable living echo Bhartrhari's ideals. Many people are increasingly aware of the environmental and psychological impacts of overconsumption. Bhartrhari's vision encourages a lifestyle that values simplicity, mindfulness, and a deeper connection with nature and oneself.
Addressing Modern Challenges
Coping with Old Age
Bhartrhari's reflections on the challenges of old age emphasize the importance of mental and spiritual preparedness. In a time when lifespans are longer, but the quality of life in old age can vary greatly, his advice to cultivate inner strength and detachment is crucial. Engaging in lifelong learning, meditation, and maintaining social connections can enhance the well-being of the elderly.
Poverty and Inequality
Bhartrhari's personal experience with poverty underscores the harsh realities faced by many even today. His teachings advocate for empathy and support for those in need, suggesting that societal progress includes addressing economic disparities and ensuring a dignified life for all.
Bhartrhari's "Vairagya Shatak" offers timeless wisdom that remains highly relevant in the modern world. His advocacy for early spiritual pursuits, recognition of the impermanence of worldly attachments, and aspiration for simplicity provide valuable guidance for contemporary life. By integrating these principles, individuals can navigate the complexities of modern existence with greater clarity, purpose, and peace.