In Hindu temples, the materials used for making idols vary depending on their purpose and significance. Here are some common materials used:
Stone: Images fixed permanently in temples, known as 'acala'
or 'dhruva bera', are typically made of durable stones like granite, soapstone,
or marble. These materials are chosen for their longevity and ability to
withstand the elements.
Metal: Images used for processions (utsava-murtis) or
worship at home are often made of metal. Metals commonly used include silver,
gold, or panchaloha, which is an alloy of five metals. Metal idols are revered
for their craftsmanship and aesthetic appeal.
Precious Stones: Some intricate idols incorporate precious
stones as embellishments or as part of the overall design. These stones add
beauty and value to the idol and are often used in conjunction with other
materials like metal.
Wood: Wooden idols are less common but still significant in
certain temples, such as the Jagannatha temple at Puri in Odisha and the
Trivikrama temple at Tirukoilur in Tamilnadu. Wood is also used for murtis in
many temples in Kerala. Woodcarving techniques are employed to create intricate
designs and expressions on these idols.
Clay: Clay idols, also known as terracotta, are commonly
used for temporary worship during festivals like Ganesh Chaturthi and
Navaratri. Clay is easily moldable, making it suitable for creating idols in
various shapes and sizes.
Ivory: Although less common and increasingly discouraged due
to ethical concerns, idols made from ivory have been historically used.
However, they are not considered suitable for worship in many traditions due to
the sensitive ecological and moral issues associated with ivory production.
Each material has its significance and symbolism, and the
choice often depends on cultural traditions, regional practices, and the
intended purpose of the idol.