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Three Types of Meditation In Hinduism

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To meet the needs of three different mental types, three kinds of meditation have been developed in Hinduism:

Three Types of Meditation

1)     meditation on visual images
2)     meditation on sound symbols
3)     meditation on the self

Each aspirant should know which of mind his/her is – form oriented, name oriented or self oriented.

Vedic pratikopasana was of two types: sampad and adhyasa.

In sampad upasana an inferior object is used as a symbol to represent superior Reality. The symbol is unimportant, the attributes of the higher Reality dominate the meditative field.

In Adhyasa upasana the symbol chosen is itself a superior object and dominates the meditative field. Upon this symbol the attributes of the Reality are superimposed, but the symbol is as important as the attributes.

Source – Types of Meditation, Prabuddha Bharata, June 1981

 A true aspirant should aim to free from the clutches of form. Mediation should help on to merge in the Supreme Source.

Expanded Information on the Three Types of Meditation in Hinduism

In Hinduism, meditation (Dhyana) is an essential practice that leads to spiritual growth and self-realization. Recognizing the diversity in human nature, Hindu sages developed three primary types of meditation to cater to different mental dispositions. Each type of meditation is designed to help the practitioner connect with the divine, overcome the distractions of the mind, and progress on the spiritual path.

1) Meditation on Visual Images (Form-Oriented Meditation)

  • Description: This type of meditation involves focusing on a visual symbol or image, such as a deity, a sacred geometrical design (Yantra), or a mental visualization of divine forms. The practitioner may meditate on the image of a deity, allowing their mind to become absorbed in the form and attributes of the divine.
  • Importance: Visual meditation helps to stabilize the mind and bring it into focus. For those who are naturally inclined towards visualization, this method can be particularly effective in cultivating devotion (Bhakti) and concentration (Dharana).
  • Similar Practices: Visualization meditations are common in other traditions as well, such as Tibetan Buddhism, where mandalas and deity visualizations are prominent.
  • Modern-Day Relevance: Visual meditation can be integrated into daily life through practices like focusing on a candle flame (Trataka), visualizing peaceful scenes, or creating personal altars with images that inspire spiritual thoughts.
  • Implementation: Start by choosing a symbol or image that resonates with you. Spend a few minutes each day visualizing this image in detail, allowing your mind to settle and deepen its connection to the symbol.

2) Meditation on Sound Symbols (Name-Oriented Meditation)

  • Description: This meditation involves focusing on sound, particularly sacred syllables (Mantras), chants, or prayers. The most common example is the repetition of "Om," considered the primordial sound and a representation of the ultimate reality, Brahman. Other mantras like "Gayatri," "Hare Krishna," or "Shiva" mantras are also widely used.
  • Importance: Sound symbol meditation is powerful for calming the mind, invoking divine presence, and creating a rhythm that aligns the practitioner's consciousness with the divine. It is especially suited for those who are aurally inclined.
  • Similar Practices: Chanting and mantra repetition are also key practices in other spiritual traditions, such as the use of the Jesus Prayer in Eastern Christianity or Zikr in Sufism.
  • Modern-Day Relevance: Sound-based meditation is easily incorporated into daily life. Listening to or chanting mantras during morning routines, while commuting, or before sleep can be highly beneficial.
  • Implementation: Begin with simple mantras like "Om" or "So Hum." Chant them mentally or aloud, focusing on the vibration and sound. Gradually, increase the duration and try to maintain awareness of the mantra throughout daily activities.

3) Meditation on the Self (Self-Oriented Meditation)

  • Description: This form of meditation involves deep introspection and self-inquiry. It is a process of turning inward to understand one's true nature beyond the ego and mind. The practice aligns closely with Jnana Yoga, where the seeker constantly inquires, "Who am I?" to peel away layers of false identification.
  • Importance: Self-oriented meditation is considered the most direct path to self-realization. It transcends forms and symbols, leading the practitioner towards an experience of oneness with the ultimate reality. It is best suited for those with a contemplative and philosophical mind.
  • Similar Practices: This form of meditation is akin to the Zen practice of Koan (e.g., meditating on the question "What is the sound of one hand clapping?") or the Vipassana practice of observing the self.
  • Modern-Day Relevance: In today's fast-paced world, self-reflective meditation can offer profound insights and mental clarity. It helps individuals detach from the superficial aspects of life and discover a deeper sense of purpose and inner peace.
  • Implementation: Allocate time daily to sit in silence and ask introspective questions like "Who am I beyond my thoughts and roles?" Allow the inquiry to guide your meditation, leading to moments of clarity and self-realization.

Vedic Pratikopasana: Sampad and Adhyasa Upasana

Sampad Upasana

  • Description: In Sampad Upasana, an inferior object or symbol is used as a representation of a higher reality. The object itself is not of primary importance; rather, it is the attributes of the superior reality that dominate the meditation. For instance, the sun might be used to represent the ultimate source of light and consciousness.
  • Importance: This method encourages the practitioner to see the divine in all things, recognizing that even mundane objects can symbolize deeper truths. It fosters a non-dualistic perspective where the divine is seen as pervading everything.
  • Implementation: To practice Sampad Upasana, choose a common object (like a flower or the sun) and meditate on it as a symbol of a higher truth, such as purity or the source of life.

Adhyasa Upasana

  • Description: In Adhyasa Upasana, the chosen symbol is itself a superior object, such as a deity or a sacred mantra. The attributes of the ultimate reality are superimposed on this symbol, making the symbol just as important as the qualities it represents.
  • Importance: This approach helps deepen one's connection to a specific deity or divine principle, fostering devotion and reverence.
  • Implementation: Select a sacred object or deity that you revere. Meditate on this object or deity, allowing its attributes to dominate your consciousness, and see the divine qualities reflected in the symbol itself.

Lesser-Known Information and Modern-Day Relevance

  • Lesser-Known Information: The concept of Pratikopasana (using symbols in meditation) is deeply rooted in the ancient Vedic traditions and has influenced various forms of ritualistic worship in Hinduism. It reflects the idea that the divine can be approached through various means, each suited to the aspirant's temperament.
  • Modern-Day Relevance: In today's diverse and interconnected world, understanding these forms of meditation allows individuals to select practices that resonate with their personal inclinations. Whether through visualizations, sound, or self-inquiry, these meditations provide practical tools for managing stress, achieving mental clarity, and fostering spiritual growth.
  • How to Implement in Daily Life:
    • Visual Meditation: Start your day with a brief visualization of a calming image or your chosen deity. This can set a peaceful tone for the rest of the day.
    • Sound Meditation: Incorporate mantra chanting into your daily routine. This can be done during morning prayers, while exercising, or as a calming practice before bedtime.
    • Self-Inquiry: Dedicate a few minutes daily to introspective questions or journaling about your true nature, focusing on thoughts and feelings that arise.

By understanding and integrating these diverse meditation practices, individuals can tailor their spiritual practices to align with their personal tendencies, ultimately leading to a more balanced and fulfilling life.