Etymology and Usage
The word "Perumal" is derived from the Tamil language, where "Peru" means "great" or "superior," and "Mal" is a term for "god" or "deity." Thus, Perumal translates to "Great God." While it is primarily associated with Vishnu, the term is also used to refer to other deities worshipped in temples across Tamil Nadu.
Historical Context
In ancient Tamil Nadu, the term Perumal was not only used for deities but also for kings and rulers, signifying their divine right to rule and their high status. The Chola, Chera, and Pandya dynasties often referred to their kings as Perumal, underscoring their power and the reverence in which they were held by the people.
Temples Dedicated to Perumal
There are numerous temples dedicated to Perumal, particularly in Tamil Nadu, where Vishnu is venerated under various names and forms. Some notable temples include:
- Sundararaja Perumal Temple: Located in Kanchipuram, dedicated to Sundararaja Perumal, another form of Vishnu.
- Varadaraja Perumal Temple: Also in Kanchipuram, one of the Divya Desams (108 Vishnu temples mentioned in the works of the Alvars).
- Lakshmi Narayana Perumal Temple: Found in various locations, dedicated to Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi.
- Adi Narayana Perumal Temple: Devoted to the primordial form of Vishnu.
- Venkateswara Perumal Temple: Famous temple in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, known as one of the most visited pilgrimage sites in the world.
Synonyms and Other Uses
While Perumal is a synonym for Vishnu, it is also used in conjunction with other deities to express reverence. For instance:
- Shivaperumal: Referring to Shiva with the same honorific.
- Murugaperumal: Referring to Muruga (Kartikeya) with the same respect.
- Ganeshaperumal: Referring to Ganesha with the title Perumal.
Manifestations of Perumal
In contemporary usage, Perumal is synonymous with Vishnu and his various manifestations, such as:
- Balaji or Venkateswara: The form of Vishnu worshipped at the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati.
- Ranganatha: The reclining form of Vishnu worshipped at the Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam.
- Narasimha: The lion-headed avatar of Vishnu, depicted in numerous temples.
Cultural Significance
The term Perumal encapsulates the devotion and reverence of the Tamil people towards their deities. It signifies a deep cultural and religious connection, reflecting the synthesis of divinity and royalty in Tamil tradition. The extensive use of Perumal in various names of deities highlights the integration of Vishnu worship into the daily and spiritual lives of Tamil Hindus.