Diwali, also known as Deepavali, is one of the most significant festivals in India, celebrated with immense joy and fervor across various communities. Its origins are steeped in ancient history and mythology, making it a festival rich in cultural and spiritual meaning. The festival's history is deeply intertwined with various narratives and legends, each adding to the diverse tapestry of its celebration.
Diwali in the Treta Yuga
According to Hindu mythology, Diwali's origins trace back to the Treta Yuga, an era when Bhagavan Sri Ram is believed to have walked the earth. It is said that Diwali marks the return of Lord Rama to Ayodhya after a 14-year exile, during which he vanquished the demon king Ravana, symbolizing the triumph of good over evil. The citizens of Ayodhya, in their joy, illuminated the city with oil lamps, thus originating the tradition of lighting diyas (lamps) during Diwali.
Regional Variations: North and South India
While the story of Lord Rama is predominant in North India, South India celebrates Diwali to commemorate another significant event in Hindu mythology. In this region, the festival is linked to Lord Krishna's victory over the demon Narakasura. According to legend, Narakasura had become a tyrant and a threat to the earth, and his defeat by Lord Krishna restored Dharma (righteousness) and peace.
Diwali Across Religions
Diwali is not exclusive to Hinduism; it is a festival observed by various religious communities in India, each attributing different historical and spiritual significance to it.
Sikhism
For Sikhs, Diwali is a day of liberation and reflection. It commemorates the release of the Sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind, from the captivity of Mughal Emperor Jehangir in 1619. The Guru, along with 52 other kings who were political prisoners, was freed on this day. The Golden Temple in Amritsar is illuminated with lights, and Sikhs celebrate this event as Bandi Chhor Divas (Day of Liberation).
Jainism
Jains celebrate Diwali as the day Lord Mahavira, the last Tirthankara, attained Nirvana (liberation from the cycle of life and death) in 527 BCE. This day marks the end of Mahavira's spiritual journey and his ultimate attainment of enlightenment. For Jains, Diwali is a time for self-reflection, penance, and spiritual awakening.
The Evolution of Diwali Celebrations
Over the centuries, Diwali has evolved into a multi-faceted festival encompassing various customs and practices. Traditionally, it involves cleaning and decorating homes, lighting oil lamps, preparing festive foods, and exchanging gifts. The festival also includes the worship of Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, and Ganesha, the remover of obstacles, seeking their blessings for prosperity and well-being.
The five-day celebration includes:
- Dhanteras: The first day, dedicated to the worship of wealth.
- Naraka Chaturdashi or Choti Diwali: The second day, associated with the victory over Narakasura.
- Lakshmi Puja: The third and main day, when Lakshmi is worshipped, and homes are illuminated.
- Govardhan Puja: The fourth day, commemorating Lord Krishna's lifting of Govardhan Hill to protect villagers from torrential rains.
- Bhai Dooj: The final day, celebrating the bond between brothers and sisters.
Diwali's rich history and multifaceted significance make it a unique and all-encompassing festival. Its celebration transcends religious boundaries, embodying the universal themes of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and good over evil. The festival's enduring relevance is a testament to its deep-rooted cultural and spiritual heritage, continuing to unite millions in a joyous celebration of life's most profound values.