Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) was a prominent Indian social
reformer, known as the "Father of the Indian Renaissance" for his
pioneering efforts in transforming Indian society in the 19th century. Born in
Radhanagar, Bengal, Roy was a polyglot, mastering several languages including
Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, English, and Bengali.
Roy's early life was marked by extensive study and travel,
which broadened his perspectives on religion and social issues. His initial
engagement with traditional Hindu philosophy gave way to a critical approach
towards idolatry and superstitions, leading him to advocate for monotheism.
This was reflected in his founding of the Atmiya Sabha in 1815 and later the
Brahmo Samaj in 1828, which sought to reform Hindu practices and promote a
rational, ethical, and monotheistic worship.
A key focus of Roy's reformist zeal was the abolition of the
practice of Sati, the self-immolation of widows on their husband's funeral
pyre. Through persistent advocacy and collaboration with British officials, his
efforts culminated in the prohibition of Sati by the British government in
1829.
In addition to his religious and social reforms, Roy was a
proponent of modern education, advocating for the study of science,
mathematics, and English in Indian curricula. He believed that Western
education was crucial for India's progress and worked to establish educational
institutions that reflected this vision.
Roy also championed the cause of women's rights, opposing
practices such as child marriage and polygamy, and advocating for women's
education. His progressive ideas extended to his support for free speech and
the press, exemplified by his involvement in the publication of journals that
disseminated reformist ideas.
In 1830, Raja Ram Mohan Roy traveled to England as an
ambassador of the Mughal Emperor Akbar II, aiming to secure a better pension
for the emperor and promote Indian interests. During his stay, he continued his
advocacy for social reforms and left a lasting impact on both British and
Indian societies.
Roy died in Bristol, England, in 1833. His legacy endures through his contributions to the social, religious, and educational transformations in India, laying the foundation for the country's modernization and reform movements.