That in which all this universe exists together and into which it dissolves. That in which all the gods remain enjoying their respective powers – That certainly is whatever that has been in the past and whatever indeed is to come in the future. This cause of the universe, Prajapati, is supported by His own imperishable nature described as absolute ether.
The Mahanarayana Upanishad is a sacred Hindu text that
explores various aspects of spirituality, philosophy, and ethical conduct. In
the passage you've provided, it discusses different forms of austerity or
"tapas" in Sanskrit, which are practices aimed at spiritual
purification and self-discipline. Here's an expansion on each of the mentioned
forms of austerity:
Righteousness (Dharma): Living in accordance with moral and
ethical principles. This involves following one's duties and obligations in
society, treating others with respect and kindness, and striving for justice
and fairness in all actions.
Truthfulness (Satya): Being truthful in thought, speech, and
action. This involves speaking the truth, living authentically, and aligning
one's words with one's beliefs and values.
Understanding of the Scriptures (Shastra Jnana): Studying
and gaining knowledge from sacred texts such as the Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad
Gita, and other spiritual writings. This involves deep contemplation,
reflection, and understanding of the profound teachings contained within these
scriptures.
Subduing of One’s Senses (Indriya Nigraha): Exercising
control over the senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell) to prevent
them from being distracted or led astray by worldly temptations. This can be
achieved through practices such as meditation, mindfulness, and
self-discipline.
Restraint of the Body (Deha Samyama): Disciplining the
physical body through practices such as fasting, abstinence, and moderation in
eating, sleeping, and other bodily activities. This helps in conserving energy,
promoting health, and cultivating inner strength and resilience.
Cultivation of a Peaceable Disposition (Shanti Sadhana):
Cultivating inner peace, tranquility, and equanimity of mind. This involves
letting go of anger, resentment, and negative emotions, and cultivating
qualities such as patience, forgiveness, and compassion towards oneself and
others.
Giving Gifts without Selfish Motives (Dana): Practicing
generosity and charity without expecting anything in return. This involves
giving selflessly to those in need, supporting charitable causes, and
contributing to the welfare of society with an open and compassionate heart.
Worship (Puja): Engaging in devotional practices and rituals
to honor and connect with the divine. This involves offering prayers,
performing rituals, and expressing gratitude and reverence towards the gods and
goddesses.
Each of these forms of austerity is considered essential for spiritual growth, self-transformation, and ultimately, attaining union with the divine. They are seen as means of purifying the mind, refining the character, and awakening the higher faculties of consciousness, leading one towards the ultimate goal of self-realization and liberation (moksha).