In Hindu temples, the primary icon in the garbhagriha or sanctum sanctorum, known as the ‘dhruvabera,’ is generally made of stone and is permanently fixed. This central deity is the focal point of worship and is often crafted to embody the divine presence in a durable and lasting form.
The Evolution of Temple Rituals
As temple rituals evolved, becoming more elaborate and expansive, the necessity for a subsidiary image—a replica or representative of the original deity—arose. This secondary image was required to participate in various temple activities and festivals where the main deity could not be moved. This image, taken out in procession on festival days, is referred to as the ‘utsava-murti’ or ‘procession-image.’ The utsava-murti plays a crucial role during temple festivals and other religious events, allowing devotees to experience the presence of the deity in a more accessible and engaging manner.
Material Composition: Ashtalohas
The term ‘ashtalohas’ refers to the eight metals traditionally used in the crafting of these portable images. These metals include:
- Gold (Suvarna)
- Silver (Rajat)
- Iron (Loha)
- Tin (Trapu)
- Lead (Sisa)
- Copper (Tamra)
- Zinc (Yashad)
- Mercury (Rasa) or sometimes Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is used as a substitute.
These metals are combined to create durable, beautiful, and auspicious icons that can withstand the rigors of processions and rituals.
Importance of Ashtadhatu
The most well-known term for this combination of metals is ‘ashtadhatu,’ which literally means 'eight metals' in Sanskrit. The use of ashtadhatu in crafting religious icons is rooted in ancient Hindu traditions. Each metal is believed to possess specific spiritual and physical properties that, when combined, produce a powerful and sacred object capable of channeling divine energy.
Symbolism and Benefits
- Durability and Strength: The combination of metals ensures that the utsava-murti is both strong and durable, capable of withstanding the wear and tear of being carried in processions and handled during rituals.
- Aesthetic Appeal: The blend of various metals results in a visually striking image that gleams and captures the eye, enhancing the devotional experience.
- Spiritual Significance: Each metal in the ashtadhatu mixture is believed to contribute specific spiritual properties, creating a balanced and potent symbol of the divine.
- Tradition and Authenticity: Using ashtadhatu aligns with ancient practices, preserving the traditional methods of icon-making and maintaining the sanctity of the rituals.
Cultural and Ritualistic Role
The utsava-murti, crafted from ashtalohas, holds a central place in the religious and cultural life of Hindu temples. During festivals, the procession image is paraded through the streets, allowing devotees who might not be able to enter the inner sanctum to have a glimpse of the deity. This practice underscores the inclusivity of Hindu worship, where the divine is made accessible to all.
Moreover, the processions often involve elaborate ceremonies, music, dance, and other forms of celebration, transforming the temple precincts and surrounding areas into vibrant spaces of communal worship and festivity. The utsava-murti thus serves as a vital link between the deity and the devotees, embodying the divine presence in a form that is both tangible and transcendent.
In summary, the use of ashtalohas in Hindu temple rituals highlights the rich interplay between tradition, craftsmanship, and spiritual practice, ensuring that the divine presence remains ever-present and accessible to the faithful.