The dynamic nature of dharma in Hinduism is evident in the evolution of social practices and legal codes over time. The Smritis, which are traditional texts that lay down various laws and ethical guidelines, demonstrate a flexibility in adapting to changing societal norms and conditions. For instance, Manusmriti and Yajnavalkya Smriti, two of the oldest and most influential smritis, explicitly acknowledge the necessity of abandoning laws that become unpopular or impractical. Manusmriti (4.176) states that if a law (dharma) is disliked by people, it should be discarded, reflecting an early recognition of the importance of public opinion and societal acceptance in the application of laws.
Historical instances further illustrate this adaptability.
The Upanishads, which are philosophical texts that critique and build upon
earlier Vedic traditions, questioned the rigidity and ritualism of Vedic
practices, promoting a more introspective and philosophical approach to
spirituality. This shift marked a significant transformation in religious
thought and practice within Hinduism, moving away from strict ritualism to a
focus on inner knowledge and enlightenment.
Additionally, social practices such as anuloma marriages
(marriages between different social strata) and dietary regulations have
evolved. The acceptance and rejection of such practices have been influenced by
prevailing social attitudes and practical considerations of different eras. The
principle of kali-varjya, which refers to certain practices being prohibited
during the Kali Yuga (the current age according to Hindu cosmology), also
underscores the contextual nature of dharma. These prohibitions were introduced
to address the specific moral and ethical challenges of the time, indicating a
responsiveness to the conditions of the age.
The criticism of rigid ritualism by the Upanishads and the
adjustments in social practices like anuloma marriages and food regulations
illustrate the practical wisdom of Hindu sages and law-givers. Their decisions
were guided by common sense and an understanding of the changing dynamics of
society. This pragmatic approach ensured that Hinduism remained relevant and
responsive to the needs of its adherents throughout history.
In conclusion, the concept of dharma in Hinduism is far from
stagnant. It has been a fluid and dynamic force, continually adapting to the
changing needs and circumstances of society. While the core spiritual
principles of Hinduism have remained steadfast, the application of dharma has
been flexible, demonstrating a profound understanding of the importance of
societal context and the practical realities of human life. This inherent
adaptability has enabled Hinduism to endure and thrive over millennia, remaining
a vibrant and living tradition.