In the context of Shaivism, particularly in Virashaivism (or Lingayatism), the concept of Charalinga (or Jangamalinga) holds profound significance. This philosophy centers around the idea that Paramatman (the Supreme Soul or God) manifests itself within living beings. Let’s expand on its meaning, importance, symbolism, practical application, and its connection to similar concepts in other philosophical systems.
Meaning and Significance
Charalinga (Chara means moving, and Linga refers to the symbol of Shiva or the Supreme Soul) or Jangamalinga (Jangama means mobile or moving) refers to the presence of divinity within the human body, which is capable of motion or activity. The linga here symbolizes the Paramatman, the cosmic, universal consciousness that animates all life.
In Virashaivism, Shiva is not just transcendent but immanent—present within the world and each individual. The concept of the Charalinga emphasizes this idea: that the Linga, or divine presence, resides within all living beings. The body, animated by Shiva, becomes a sacred vessel.
The philosophy of Virashaivism, known as Shakti-Vishishtadvaita, views the universe as a manifestation of the union of Shiva (Absolute Reality) and Shakti (divine energy). The universe, human life, and everything in between are considered to be expressions of this divine unity. The Charalinga emphasizes that the individual soul (jiva) and Shiva (Supreme Reality) are interconnected and inseparable.
Philosophical Foundation: Shakti-Vishishtadvaita
According to Shakti-Vishishtadvaita, the Absolute (Sthala or Brahman) expresses itself as both Linga (Paramatman, the Supreme) and Anga (the Jiva, individual soul). The individual soul is essentially divine but conditioned by material existence.
The Charalinga represents this dynamic expression: while the soul (anga) may seem separate, its true nature is the same as that of the linga (Shiva or Paramatman). In Virashaivism, achieving union with the linga through devotion and inner realization is the path to liberation (moksha).
Symbolism
Linga: Traditionally, the linga is a symbol of Shiva, representing formlessness, universality, and the ultimate reality. The Charalinga or Jangamalinga refers to this divine presence within a mobile (human) form, showing that divinity resides in all forms of life.
Chara/Jangama: The word Chara (moving) or Jangama (mobile) indicates the human form that carries within it the divine spark. While the physical body is temporary and subject to change, the divine presence is eternal and unchanging. This is why the human body is revered as a temple of the divine in this tradition.
Current Status in Virashaivism/Lingayatism
In modern times, the practice of carrying a personal Ishtalinga (small personal linga) by adherents of the Lingayat tradition reflects the philosophy of Charalinga. The Ishtalinga is worshiped daily and serves as a reminder that Shiva resides within the individual. This is a living continuation of the Charalinga concept, where divinity is not distant but carried within oneself.
Virashaivas or Lingayats place great importance on living a life of purity, self-discipline, and devotion, reflecting their belief in the divine essence within. The Charalinga concept is expressed in ethical behavior, non-violence, and spiritual practices that acknowledge and honor the divine within oneself and others.
Practical Application in Daily Life
Worship and Meditation: Practitioners meditate on the Ishtalinga as a symbol of the Charalinga within themselves. This connects them to the ultimate reality of Shiva and fosters self-realization.
Ethical Living: Recognizing the presence of Shiva within all beings leads to a way of life based on Ahimsa (non-violence), compassion, and respect for others. The Charalinga reminds individuals that harming others is akin to harming the divine.
Self-Purification: Regular practices of cleanliness, purity of thought, and devotion are central to honoring the divine within one's own body, as it is considered a sacred abode of Shiva.
Unity of Soul and God: The understanding that one’s true essence (jiva) is not separate from the Paramatman encourages the shedding of ego and attachment to the material world, leading to spiritual growth and liberation (moksha).
Similar Concepts in Other Philosophical Traditions
Advaita Vedanta: The idea of Charalinga aligns with the Advaita Vedanta notion of non-duality, where the individual soul (Atman) is identical to the universal soul (Brahman). In Advaita, the illusion of separateness is dispelled through knowledge and realization that the true self is divine.
Panentheism: In the broader context of panentheistic traditions, the idea of Charalinga can be seen as an expression of the belief that God is present in all things but also transcends them. God is both within and beyond the universe in the panentheistic view.
Christian Mysticism: The notion of divinity residing within human beings has parallels in Christian mysticism, where the soul is often seen as the dwelling place of God. St. Paul’s teaching in the New Testament, "Your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit," reflects this idea.
Sufism: In Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam, the idea that the divine resides within the human heart is central. The practice of purifying the heart and seeking unity with God mirrors the Charalinga concept.
Importance and Relevance
The Charalinga concept holds deep relevance for practitioners of Shaivism and particularly Lingayatism, as it instills a constant awareness of the divine presence in everyday life. It serves as a bridge between the material and spiritual worlds, showing that while we live in the physical world, we carry the divine essence within us.
Moral and Ethical Conduct: Acknowledging the Charalinga leads to ethical conduct, respect for life, and spiritual practices that honor the divine within oneself and others.
Self-Realization: It guides practitioners toward a journey of self-realization, where they strive to see beyond their physical form and recognize their true divine essence, thus achieving unity with Shiva.
The concept of Charalinga or Jangamalinga in Shaivism is a profound representation of the belief that the divine resides within each individual, moving through life. This notion elevates the human form to a temple of Shiva and serves as a foundation for ethical living, devotion, and spiritual growth in the Lingayat tradition. The philosophy shares resonances with non-dualistic, panentheistic, and mystical traditions worldwide, reflecting the universal human quest to find the divine within.