The Ramayana, an ancient Indian epic, has been retold in numerous languages and versions, each adding its unique flavor to the narrative. Two prominent versions are the original Valmiki Ramayana and the Telugu Molla Ramayana. A comparison between these two highlights the distinctive literary, cultural, and philosophical aspects embedded within them.
1. Authorship and Period
Valmiki Ramayana: Written by the sage Valmiki, this is considered the original version of the Ramayana. Valmiki is often referred to as the Adi Kavi, or the first poet, and his work is believed to have been composed around the 5th to 4th century BCE. This epic consists of seven books (kandas) and about 24,000 verses (shlokas) written in Sanskrit.
Molla Ramayana: Authored by Molla, a 16th-century poetess from Andhra Pradesh, this version is notable for being one of the earliest Ramayanas written in the Telugu language. Molla, also known as Kummara Molla, was a potter by profession, and her version reflects her deep devotion and poetic prowess.
2. Language and Style
Valmiki Ramayana: Written in classical Sanskrit, the language of the elite and scholars, Valmiki's work is characterized by its grandeur and complexity. The shlokas follow a strict meter, adding a rhythmic quality to the narrative. The original is also known for its elaborate descriptions, philosophical discourses, and intricate use of similes and metaphors.
Molla Ramayana: Written in Telugu, a Dravidian language, Molla's version is more accessible to the common people of her region. Her style is simple, straightforward, and devotional, reflecting her background and the cultural context of Telugu-speaking people. Molla's language is marked by its lyrical quality, and she often incorporates local idioms and expressions to make the story relatable to her audience.
3. Narrative and Themes
Valmiki Ramayana: The narrative is detailed and expansive, covering not just the main storyline of Rama’s exile, Sita’s abduction, and the battle with Ravana, but also numerous sub-plots and characters. Themes of dharma (righteousness), duty, devotion, and the ideal conduct of individuals in various roles (king, wife, brother, etc.) are central. Valmiki delves into philosophical and ethical discussions, making his work not just a story but a treatise on morality and human behavior.
Molla Ramayana: While Molla follows the main storyline of Valmiki, her retelling is more condensed and focuses on the emotional and devotional aspects. She places a greater emphasis on the devotion to Lord Rama and the moral lessons derived from the story. Molla’s portrayal of characters like Rama, Sita, and Hanuman is imbued with a sense of bhakti (devotion), making her version more spiritually oriented.
4. Cultural and Social Context
Valmiki Ramayana: Reflects the Vedic and post-Vedic societal norms, values, and the hierarchical structure of ancient Indian society. It provides insight into the rituals, customs, and lifestyle of the time, portraying an idealized version of kingship and governance.
Molla Ramayana: Reflects the cultural milieu of medieval Andhra Pradesh. Molla’s background as a potter is significant, as it highlights the inclusivity of the bhakti movement, where devotion and literary talent transcended caste and social boundaries. Her work is a testament to the rich tradition of Telugu literature and its role in preserving and propagating cultural and religious narratives.
5. Impact and Legacy
Valmiki Ramayana: As the original version, it has had a profound influence on Indian literature, culture, and religion. It has been the source and inspiration for countless retellings, adaptations, and artistic representations across various media, including dance, drama, and cinema.
Molla Ramayana: Holds a special place in Telugu literature and has inspired many subsequent poets and writers in the Telugu-speaking regions. Molla’s work is celebrated for its devotional fervor and poetic beauty, and she is honored as one of the Ashtadiggajas (eight great poets) of Telugu literature.
Both the Valmiki Ramayana and the Molla Ramayana are monumental works that have contributed to the rich tapestry of Indian epic literature. While Valmiki's original sets the foundation with its comprehensive and philosophical approach, Molla's retelling endears itself to readers with its simplicity, devotion, and cultural resonance. Together, they illustrate the enduring legacy of the Ramayana and its ability to inspire diverse interpretations across time and space.